A.P. World History Cornell Notes

Edit 6 …
displine_cartoon4-mvzh7g.jpg

  • All questions must be answered with S.P.I.C.E. characteristics/themes/ideas
  • All vocabulary must be answered within the context of the chapter
Chapter One: Early Humans and the First Civilizations
Vocabulary: civilization, cuneiform, divination, hieroglyphics, hominid, megaliths, monotheism, Neolithic Revolution, Paleolithic Age, patriarchy, Pharaoh, polytheism, satrap, satrapy, theocracy, ziggurat, Zoroastrianism
  1. How did the Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages differ? How did the Neolithic Revolution affect the lives of women and men?
  2. What are the characteristics of civilization? What are some explanations for why early civilizations emerged?
  3. How are the most important characteristics of civilization evident in ancient Mesopotamia?
  4. What are the basic features of the (3) major periods of Egyptian history? What elements of continuity are evident in the (3) periods? What are their major differences?
  5. What was the significance of the Indo-Europeans? How did Judaism differ from the religions of Mesopotamia and Egypt?
  6. What methods and institutions did the Assyrians and Persians use to amass and maintain their respective empires?
Chapter Two: Ancient India
Vocabulary: Bodhi, Brahman, Brahmin, guru, jati, karma, Kshatriya, sati, sudras, vaisya, varna, Brahmanism, Buddhism, dharma, Jainism, maharaja, Middle Path, Nirvana, pariahs, Prakrit, raja, reincarnation, Sanskrit, stupas, twice-born
  1. What were the key SPICE features of the Harrapan civilization? How were they similar to Egyptian the Mesopotamian civilization?
  2. What were some of the distinctive features of the class system introduced by the Aryan peoples, and what effects did it have on Indian civilization?
  3. What are the main tenets of Brahmanism and Buddhism? How did they differ, and how did each religion influence Indian civilization?
  4. Why was India unable to maintain a unified empire in the first millennium bce, and how was the Mauryan Empire temporarily able to overcome the tendencies toward disunity?
  5. What ways did the culture of ancient India resemble and differ from the cultural experience of ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt?
Chapter Three: China Antiquity
Vocabulary: Dao, Bao-jia system, Confucianism, Daoism, diffusion hypothesis, eunuch, filial piety, five relationships, hydraulic society, Legalism, Longshan, mandate of Heaven, Oriental despotism, veneration of ancestors, well field system, Yangshao
  1. How did geography influence the civilization that arose in China?
  2. Complete a SPICE analysis of Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism, and what role did each play in political and philosophical debates during the Zhou dynasty?
  3. How did the first emperor of the Qin dynasty transform the political, social, and economic institutions of early China?
  4. What were the key aspects of social and economic life in early China?
  5. What were the most important SPICE characteristics of the Chinese arts and writing system? How did they differ from those in Egypt and Mesopotamia?
Chapter Four: The Civilizations of the Greeks
Vocabulary: polis, Epicureanism, helots, hoplites, mystery religions, oligarchy, phalanx, rhetoric, Socratic method, Sophists, Stoicism, tyranny, tyrant
  1. How did the geography of Greece affect Greek history? Who was Homer, and why was his work used as the basis for Greek education?
  2. What were the chief SPICE features of the polis, or city-state, and how did the city-states of Athens and Sparta differ?
  3. What did the Greeks mean by democracy, and in what ways was the Athenian political system a democracy? What effect did the two great conflicts of the fifth century—the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War—have on Greek civilization?
  4. How was Alexander the Great able to amass his empire, and what was his SPICE legacy?
  5. How did the political, economic, and social institutions of the Hellenistic world differ from those of Classical Greece?
Chapter Five: The First World Civilizations – Rome, China and the Emergence of the Silk Road
Vocabulary: latifundia, paterfamilias, centuriate assembly, civil service examination, consuls, council of the plebs, dictator, good emperors, natural law, patricians, Pax Romana, plebeians, praetorian guard, praetors, senate, State Confucianism, tribunes of the plebs
  1. What policies and institutions help explain the Romans' success in conquering Italy? How did Rome achieve its empire from 264 to 133 b.c.e., and what problems did Rome face as a result of its growing empire?
  2. What were the chief SPICE features of the Roman Empire at its height in the second century c.e.?
  3. What SPICE reforms did Diocletian and Constantine institute, and to what extent were the reforms successful? What (S) and (C)characteristics of Christianity enabled it to grow and ultimately to triumph?
  4. What were the chief SPICE features of the Han Empire?
Chapter Six: The Americas
Vocabulary: calpullis, chinampas, quipu, Amerindians, Hopewell culture, polygyny
  1. What were the SPICE characteristics of the first Americans? What people or civilization have you studied in the past, which resembles these early Americans? Why?
  2. What were the main Social, Interaction and Cultural characteristics of religious beliefs in early Mesoamerica?
  3. What role did the environment play in the evolution of societies in the Americas?
  4. What were the main SPICE characteristics of stateless societies in the Americas, and how did they resemble and differ from the civilizations that arose there?
Chapter Seven: Ferment in the Middle East – The Rise of Islam
Vocabulary: Hadith, imam, jihad, majlis, mihrab, muezzin, Shari’a, sheikh, ulama, umma, vizier, Bedouins, caliph, Crusade, emir, Five Pillars of Islam, Hegira, Ramadan, Shi’ite, Sufism, sultan, Sunni
  1. What were the main S.P.I.C.E. tenets of Islam?
  2. Create an organized comparison chart (any way you like) which shows how Islam religion compares with Judaism and Christianity?
  3. Why did the Arabs undergo such a rapid expansion in the seventh and eighth centuries, and why were they so successful in creating an empire?
  4. What were the main S.P.I.C.E. features of Islamic society and culture during its era of early growth?
Chapter Eight: Early Civilizations in Africa
Vocabulary: mansa, bard, Berbers, Coptic, lineage group, matrilinear, Nok culture, noncentralized societies, pantheism, patrilinear, Swahili
  1. How did the advent of farming and pastoralism affect the various peoples of Africa? How did the consequences of the agricultural revolution in Africa compare with its consequences in Eurasia and America?
  2. What effects did the coming of Islam have on African religion, society, political structures, trade, and culture?
  3. What role did migration play in the evolution of early African societies? How did the impact of these migrations compare with similar population movements elsewhere?
  4. What role did lineage groups, women, and slavery play in African societies? In what ways did African societies in various parts of the continent differ? What accounted for these differences?
  5. What are some of the chief characteristics of African sculpture and carvings, music, and architecture, and what purpose did these forms of creative expression serve in African society?
Chapter Nine: The Expansion of Civilization in South and Southeast Asia
Vocabulary: bhakti, puja, purdah, bodhisattva, Hinayana, Hinduism, Mahayana, Malayo-Polynesian, Theravada
  1. What were some of the chief destinations along the Silk Road, and what kinds of products and ideas traveled along the route?
  2. How did Buddhism change in the centuries after Siddhartha Gautama’s death, and why did the religion ultimately decline in popularity in India?
  3. How did Islam arrive in the Indian subcontinent, and why were Muslim peoples able to establish states there?
  4. What impact did Muslim rule have on Indian society? To what degree did the indigenous population convert to the new religion, and why?
  5. What were the main characteristics of Southeast Asian social and economic life, culture, and religion before 1500 C.E.?
Chapter Ten: The Flowering of Traditional China
Vocabulary: Chan Buddhism, foot binding, Grand Council, khanates, Manichaeanism, Neo-Confucianism, Pure Land, scholar-gentry, School of Mind, Supreme Ultimate, Tantrism, White Lotus
  1. Why did China experience several centuries of internal division after the decline of the Han dynasty, and what impacts did this period of instability have on Chinese society?
  2. What major changes in political structures and social and economic life occurred during the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties?
  3. Why were the Mongols able to amass an empire, and what were the main characteristics of their rule in China?
  4. What were the chief initiatives taken by the early rulers of the Ming dynasty to enhance the role of China in the world? Why did the imperial court order the famous voyages of Zhenghe, and why were they discontinued?
  5. What roles did Buddhism, Daoism, and Neo-Confucianism play in Chinese intellectual life in the period between the Sui dynasty and the Ming?
  6. What were the main achievements in Chinese literature and art in the period between the Tang dynasty and the Ming, and what technological innovations and intellectual developments contributed to these achievements?
Chapter Eleven: The East Asian Rimlands – Early Japan, Korea and Vietnam
Vocabulary: bakufu, eta, genin, kami, satori, uji, bonsai, Bushido, chonmin, chu nom, daimyo, Pure Land, samurai, Shinto, shogun, shogunate system, Taika reforms, Zen
  1. How did Japan’s geographic location affect the course of early Japanese history, and how did it influence the political structures and social institutions that arose there?
  2. What were the main characteristics of economic and social life in early Korea?
  3. What were the main developments in Vietnamese history before 1500? Why were the Vietnamese able to restore their national independence after a millennium of Chinese rule?
Chapter Twelve: The Making of Europe
Vocabulary: wergild, abbess, abbot, aristocracy, chivalry, commercial capitalism, common law, commune, demesne, diocese, fief, gothic, guild, heresy, interdict, lay investiture, liberal arts, manor, monasticism, monk, nun, Romanesque, sacraments, scholasticism, serfs, subinfeudation, vassal
  1. What contributions did the Romans, the Christian church, and the Germanic peoples make to the new civilization that emerged in Europe after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire? What was the significance of Charlemagne’s coronation as emperor?
  2. What roles did aristocrats, peasants, and townspeople play in medieval European civilization, and how did their lifestyles differ? How did cities in Europe compare with those in China and the Middle East?
  3. What were the main aspects of the political, economic, spiritual, and cultural revivals that took place in Europe during the High Middle Ages?
  4. In what ways did Europeans begin to relate to peoples in other parts of the world after 1000 C.E.?
  5. What were the reasons for the Crusades, and who or what benefited the most from them?
Chapter Thirteen: The Byzantine Empire and Crisis and Recovery in the West
Vocabulary: taille, Black Death, conciliarism, iconoclasm, iconoclasts, pogroms, Renaissance, Renaissance humanism
  1. How did the Byzantine Empire that had emerged by the eighth century differ from the empire of Justinian and from the Germanic kingdoms in the west? How were they alike?
  2. What were the chief developments in the Byzantine Empire between 750 and 1025?
  3. What impact did the Crusades have on the Byzantine Empire? How and why did Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire fall?
  4. What impact did the Black Death have on Europe and Asia in the fourteenth century? What problems did Europeans face during the fourteenth century, and what impact did these crises have on European economic, social, and religious life?
  5. What were the main features of the Renaissance in Europe, and how did it differ from the Middle Ages?
Chapter Fourteen: New Encounters – The Creation of a World Market
Vocabulary: encomienda, portolani, caravels, conquistadors, encomienda system, mestizos, Middle Passage, mulattoes, viceroy
  1. How did Muslim merchants expand the world trade network at the end of the fifteenth century?
  2. Why were the Portuguese so successful in taking over the spice trade?
  3. How did Portugal and Spain acquire their empires in the Americas, and how did their methods of governing their colonies differ?
  4. What were the main features of the African slave trade, and how did European participation in that trade affect traditional African practices?
  5. What were the main characteristics of Southeast Asian societies, and how were they affected by the coming of Islam and the Europeans?
Chapter Fifteen: Europe Transformed – Reform and State Building
Vocabulary: absolutism, Baroque, Catholic Reformation, Christian humanism, divine-right monarchy, indulgence, joint-stock company, justification by faith, mercantilism, new monarchies, northern Renaissance humanism, predestination, Protestant Reformation, Puritans, relics
  1. What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism, and how did they differ from each other and from Catholicism?
  2. Why is the period between 1560 and 1650 in Europe considered an age of crisis, and how did the turmoil contribute to the artistic developments of the period?
  3. What was absolutism, and what were the main characteristics of the absolute monarchies that emerged in France, Prussia, Austria, and Russia?
  4. How and why did England avoid the path of absolutism?
  5. How did the artistic and literary achievements of this era reflect the political and economic developments of the period?
Chapter Sixteen: The Muslim Empires
Vocabulary: devshirme, millet, pasha, sipahis, zamindars, bey, grand vezir, harem, Janissaries, Sublime Porte, sultan
  1. What was the ethnic composition of the Ottoman Empire, and how did the government of the sultan administer such a diverse population? How did Ottoman policy in this regard compare with the policies applied in Europe and Asia?
  2. What problems did the Safavid Empire face, and how did its rulers attempt to solve them? How did their approaches compare with those in the other Muslim empires?
  3. What role did Islam play in the Mughal Empire, and how did the Mughals’ approach to religion compare with that of the Ottomans and the Safavids? What might explain the similarities and differences?
Chapter Seventeen: The East Asian World
Vocabulary: chonmin, fudai daimyo, ronin, tozama daimyo, yangban, banners, diarchy, kowtow
  1. Why were the Manchus so successful at establishing a foreign dynasty in China, and what were the main characteristics of Manchu rule?
  2. How did the economy and society change during the Ming and Qing eras, and to what degree did these changes seem to be leading toward an industrial revolution on the European model?
  3. How did the society and economy of Japan change during the Tokugawa era, and how did Japanese culture reflect those changes?
  4. To what degree did developments in Korea during this period reflect conditions in China and Japan? What were the unique aspects of Vietnamese civilization?
Chapter Eighteen: The West on the Eve of a New World Order
Vocabulary: rentier, Cartesian dualism, Continental System, cottage industry, deism, enlightened absolutism, Enlightenment, feminisim, geocentric theory, heliocentric theory, high culture, laissez-faire, nationalism, natural rights, old order, old regime, patrician, philosophes, popular culture, rationalism, Rococo, scientific method, Scientific Revolution, separation of powers, world-machine
  1. Who were the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, and what were their main contributions?
  2. What changes occurred in the European economy in the eighteenth century, and to what degree were these changes reflected in social patterns?
  3. What colonies did the British and French establish in the Americas, and how did their methods of administering their colonies differ?
  4. What do historians mean by the term “enlightened absolutism”, and to what degree did eighteenth-century Prussia, Austria, and Russia exhibit its characteristics?
  5. What were the causes, the main events, and the results of the French Revolution?
  6. Which aspects of the French Revolution did Napoleon preserve, and which did he destroy?
Chapter Nineteen: The Beginnings of Modernization – Industrialization and Nationalism in the 19th Century
Vocabulary: Ausgleich, anarchists, anti-Semitism, class struggle, conservatism, intervention, joint-stock investment bank, legitimacy, liberalism, Marxism, mass politics, proletariat, Realpolitik, revisionism, revolutionary socialism, Slavophiles, socialism, trade union, utopian socialists, Westernizers
  1. What were the basic features of the new industrial system created by the Industrial Revolution, and what effects did the new system have on urban life, social classes, family life, and standards of living?
  2. What was the Second Industrial Revolution, and what effects did it have on economic and social life? What were the main ideas of Karl Marx, and what role did they play in politics and the union movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
  3. What were the major ideas associated with conservatism, liberalism, and nationalism, and what role did each ideology play in Europe between 1800 and 1870? What were the causes of the revolutions of 1848, and why did these revolutions fail?
  4. What actions did Cavour and Bismarck take to bring about unification in Italy and Germany, respectively, and what role did war play in their efforts?
  5. What general political trends were evident in the nations of Western Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and to what degree were those trends also apparent in the nations of central and eastern Europe? How did the growth of nationalism affect international affairs during the same period?
Chapter Twenty: The Americas and Society and Culture in the West
Vocabulary: abstract painting, Aryans, caudillos, Cubism, functionalism, Gothic literature, Impressionism, mass education, mass leisure, mass society, Modernism, nation-states, natural selection, organic evolution, Post-Impressionism, Psychoanalysis, Realism, relativity theory, Romanticism, scientific method, secularization, social Darwinism, suffragists, Zionism
  1. What role did liberalism and nationalism play in Latin America between 1800 and 1870? What were the major economic, social, and political trends in Latin America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
  2. What role did nationalism and liberalism play in the United States and Canada between 1800 and 1870? What economic, social, and political trends were evident in the United States and Canada between 1870 and 1914?
  3. What is meant by the term mass society, and what were its main characteristics?
  4. What were the main characteristics of Romanticism and Realism?
  5. What intellectual and cultural developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries “opened the way to a modern consciousness,” and how did this consciousness differ from earlier worldviews?
Chapter Twenty-One: The High Tide of Imperialism
Vocabulary: assimilation, association, direct rule, high colonialism, Imperialism, indirect rule, informal empire, pasha, raj, sepoys
  1. What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how did it differ from European expansion in earlier periods?
  2. What types of administrative systems did the various colonial powers establish in their colonies, and how did these systems reflect the general philosophy of colonialism?
  3. What were some of the major consequences of British rule in India, and how did they affect the Indian people?
  4. Which Western countries were most active in seeking colonial possessions in Southeast Asia, and what were their motives in doing so?
  5. What factors were behind the “scramble for Africa,” and what impact did it have on the continent?
  6. How did the subject peoples respond to colonialism, and what role did nationalism play in their response?
Chapter Twenty-Two: Shadows Over the Pacific – East Asia Under Challenge
Vocabulary: genro, kokutai, sokoku, Meiji Restoration, Open Door Notes, self-strengthening, three obediences, three people’s principles
  1. Why did the Qing dynasty decline and ultimately collapse, and what role did the Western powers play in this process?
  2. What political, economic, and social reforms were instituted by the Qing dynasty during its final decades, and why were they not more successful in reversing the decline of Manchu rule?
  3. To what degree was the Meiji Restoration a “revolution,” and to what extent did it succeed in transforming Japan?
Chapter Twenty-Three: The Beginning of the 20th Century Crisis – War and Revolution
Vocabulary: conscription, Dadaism, deficit spending, mandates, militarism, New Deal, New Economic Policy, reparations, soviets, Surrealism, total war, trench warfare, war communism, War Guilt Clause
  1. What were the long-range and immediate causes of World War I?
  2. Why did the course of World War I turn out to be so different from what the belligerents had expected? How did World War I affect the belligerents’ governmental and political institutions, economic affairs, and social life?
  3. What were the causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and why did the Bolsheviks prevail in the civil war and gain control of Russia?
  4. What was the aftermath of World War I, and what problems did Europe and the United States face in the 1920s?
  5. How did the cultural and intellectual trends of the post–World War I years reflect the crises of the time as well as the lingering effects of the war?
Chapter Twenty-Four: Nationalism, Revolution and Dictatorship – Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America from 1919-1939
Vocabulary: descamisados, harijans, satyagraha, zaibatsu, civil disobedience, Comintern, Communist International, Good Neighbor policy, New Culture Movement, Taisho democracy, Young Turks
  1. What were the various stages in the rise of nationalist movements in Asia and the Middle East, and what challenges did they face?
  2. What problems did China encounter between the two world wars, and what solutions did the Nationalists and the Communists propose to solve them?
  3. How did Japan address the problems of nation building in the first decades of the twentieth century, and why did democratic institutions not take hold more effectively?
  4. What problems did the nations of Latin America face in the interwar years? To what degree were the problems a consequence of foreign influence?
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Crisis Deepens – World War II
Vocabulary: Blitzkrieg, squadristi, appeasement, Cold War, decolonization, Einsatzgruppen, Final Solution, Nazi New Order, totalitarian state, unconditional surrender
  1. What are the characteristics of totalitarian states, and to what degree were these characteristics present in Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Stalinist Russia? To what extent was Japan a totalitarian state?
  2. What were the underlying causes of World War II, and what specific steps taken by Nazi Germany and Japan led to war?
  3. What were the main events of World War II in Europe and Asia?
  4. What was the nature of the new orders that Germany and Japan attempted to establish in the territories they occupied?
  5. What were conditions like on the home front for the major belligerents in World War II?
  6. What were the costs of World War II? How did World War II affect the European nations’ colonial empires? How did the Allies’ visions of the postwar world differ, and how did these differences contribute to the emergence of the Cold War?
Chapter Twenty-Six: East and West in the Grip of the Cold War
Vocabulary: containment, Contras, détente, denazification, Marshall Plan, Nonaligned Movement, peaceful coexistence, Star Wars, Truman Doctrine, Vietnam syndrome
  1. Why were the United States and the Soviet Union suspicious of each other after World War II, and what events between 1945 and 1949 heightened the tensions between the two nations?
  2. How and why did Mao Zedong and the Communists come to power in China, and what were the Cold War implications of their triumph?
  3. What events led to the era of coexistence in the 1960s, and to what degree did each side contribute to the reduction in international tensions?
  4. Why did the Cold War briefly flare up again in the 1980s, and why did it come to a definitive end at the end of the decade?
Chapter Twenty-Seven: Brave New World – Communism on Trial
Vocabulary: glasnost, perestroika, destalinization, Four Modernizations, Gosplan, Great Leap Forward, Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, New Democracy, rural responsibility system, uninterrupted revolution
  1. How did Nikita Khrushchev change the system that the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin had put in place before his death in 1953? To what degree did his successors adopt Khrushchev’s policies?
  2. What were the key components of perestroika, which Mikhail Gorbachev espoused during the 1980s? Why did it fail?
  3. What were Mao Zedong’s chief goals for China, and what policies did he institute to try to achieve them?
  4. What significant political, economic, and social changes have taken place in China since the death of Mao Zedong? How successful have they been at improving the quality of life in China?
Chapter Twenty-Eight: Europe and Western Hemisphere Since 1945
Vocabulary: Abstract Expressionism, consumer society, deconstruction, ethnic cleansing, existentialism, Fundamentalism, guest workers, permissive society, Postconstructuralism, postmodernism, socialized medicine, welfare state, women’s liberation movement
  1. What problems have the nations of Western Europe faced since 1945, and what steps have they taken to try to solve these problems? What problems have Eastern European nations faced since 1989?
  2. What political, social, and economic changes has the United States experienced since 1945?
  3. What political, social, and economic developments has Canada experienced since 1945?
  4. What problems have the nations of Latin America faced since 1945, and what role has Marxist ideology played in their efforts to solve these problems?
  5. What major social, cultural, and intellectual developments have occurred in Western Europe and North America since 1945?
Chapter Twenty-Nine: Challenges of Nation Building in Africa and the Middle East
Vocabulary: intifada, uhuru, African Union, apartheid, Hezbollah, neocolonialism, pan-Africanism, pan-Arabism
  1. What role did nationalist movements play in the transition to independence in Africa, and how did such movements differ from their counterparts elsewhere?
  2. How have dreams clashed with realities in the independent nations of Africa, and how have African governments sought to meet these challenges?
  3. How did the rise of independent states affect the lives and the role of women in African societies? How does that role compare with the role played by women in other parts of the contemporary world?
  4. What problems have the nations of the Middle East faced since the end of World War II, and to what degree have they managed to resolve them?
  5. How have religious issues affected economic, social, and cultural conditions in the Middle East in recent decades?
Chapter Thirty: Toward the Pacific Century
Vocabulary: chaebol, dalits, keiretsu, Burakumin, communalism, green revolution, guided democracy
  1. How did Gandhi’s and Nehru’s goals for India differ, and what role have each leader’s views played in shaping modern India?
  2. What kinds of problems have the nations of Southeast Asia faced since 1945, and how have they attempted to solve them?
  3. How did the Allied occupation after World War II change Japan’s political and economic institutions, and what remained unchanged?
  4. What factors have contributed to the economic success achieved by the Little Tigers? To what degree have they applied the Japanese model in forging their developmental strategies